Red star* = updated* or added**.
In the previous sections, examples of data structures or metadata element sets have been introduced. "The choice of terms or words (data values) and the selection, organization, and formatting of those words (data content) are two other types of standards that must be used in conjunction with an agreed-upon data structure" (*CCO Introduction, 2005). This part provides resource related to data values and data content.
6.1 Using controlled vocabularies for named entities, time and space, and subjects
• Almost all metadata standards require or recommend the use of controlled vocabularies for some elements (see the "Comment" part below).
*Examples from Dublin Core 1.1:
Term Name: subject URI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject Label: Subject Definition: A topic of the resource. Comment: Typically, the subject will be represented using keywords, key phrases, or classification codes. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Term Name: type URI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/type Label: Type Definition: The nature or genre of the resource. Comment: Recommended practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the DCMI Type Vocabulary [DCMI-TYPE]. To describe the file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource, use the Format element.
Term Name: date URI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date Label: Date Definition: A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource. Comment: Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended practice is to express the date, date/time, or period of time according to ISO 8601-1 [ISO 8601-1] or a published profile of the ISO standard, such as the W3C Note on Date and Time Formats [W3CDTF] or the Extended Date/Time Format Specification [EDTF]. If the full date is unknown, month and year (YYYY-MM) or just year (YYYY) may be used. Date ranges may be specified using ISO 8601 period of time specification in which start and end dates are separated by a '/' (slash) character. Either the start or end date may be missing.
- Examples from VRA Core 4.0:
STYLE PERIOD
Description: A defined style, historical period, group, school, dynasty, movement, etc. whose characteristics are represented in the Work or Image. Cultural and regional terms may be combined with style and period terms for display purposes.
Data Values (controlled): recommend AAT.SUBJECT
Description: Terms or phrases that describe, identify, or interpret the Work or Image and what it depicts or expresses. These may include generic terms that describe the work and the elements that it comprises, terms that identify particular people, geographic places, narrative and iconographic themes, or terms that refer to broader concepts or interpretations. Use of a Subject Authority, from which these data values may be derived, is recommended.
Data Values: recommend AAT, TGN, LCTGM, ICONCLASS, LCSH, LCNAF, Sears Subject Headings.
Note: LCTGM = Thesaurus for Graphic Materials (by LC); LCNAF = LC Name Authority File. ICONCLASS is a classification designed for art and iconography.WORK TYPE
Definition: Identifies the specific type of WORK, COLLECTION, or IMAGE being described in the record.
Data Values for WORK AND COLLECTION type (controlled vocabulary): recommend AAT. Recommended data values for IMAGE WORK type (AAT terms): black-and-white transparency, color transparency (for slides or positive transparencies), black-and-white negative, color negative (for negative transparencies), photographic print (for photographic prints), or digital image.
The following controlled vocabularies are usually recommended by the metadata standards or best practice guide. For a more completed list, seeanother source.
DCMI Type Vocabulary
http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-type-vocabulary/
A general, cross-domain list of approved terms that may be used as values for the Resource Type element to identify the genre of a resource.[MIME] Internet Media Types
http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/
May be used as values for the Format element.RFC 4646 Tags for Identifying Languages
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4646.txtISO 3166 - Codes for the representation of names of countries.
http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/country3166.htmlISO 639 Codes for the representation of names of languages
Provides two sets of language codes for the representation of names of languages.
- Part 1: Alpha-2 code includes identifiers for major languages of the world for which specialized terminologies have been developed. (http://xml.coverpages.org/iso639a.html)
- Part 2: Alpha-3 code (http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php)
W3C Date and Time Formats (W3C-DTF)
http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime
Note: Only a small number of thesauri and classification schemes are listed below. They are frequently mentioned in metadata standards. A more completed list is available online.
Subject Headings
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects.htmlFAST (Faceted Application of Subject Terminology)
http://fast.oclc.org/
An adaptation of the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) with a simplified syntax. The headings have been built into FAST authority records and accessible through the OCLC FAST Test Databases Web site.Medical Subject Headings (MESH)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html
MeSH consists of sets of terms naming descriptors in a hierarchical structure that permits searching at various levels of specificity. There are 22,568 descriptors in MeSH. In addition to these headings, there are more than 139,000 headings called Supplementary Concept Records (formerly Supplementary Chemical Records) within a separate thesaurus.Thesauri
Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)
http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/index.html
The AAT is a structured vocabulary thousands terms, descriptions, bibliographic citations, and other information relating to fine art, architecture, decorative arts, archival materials, and material culture.
Linked Data Sparql Endpoint: http://vocab.getty.edu/queries#Finding_SubjectsLibrary of Congress Thesauri
Thesaurus for the Global Legal information Network (GLIN)
*(was at:) http://www.loc.gov/lexico/servlet/lexico?usr=pub-375:0&op=frames&db=GLIN
Used for The Global Legal Information Network's multi-national database of legislation, this thesaurus has been under continuous development since 1950.Legislative Indexing Vocabulary (LIV)
*https://www.congress.gov/browse/legislative-indexing-vocabulary/110th-congress
The thesaurus was developed by the Congressional Research Service for use with legislative and public policy material.Thesaurus for Graphic Materials (TGM)
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/tgm/
**Linked Data version:
http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/graphicMaterials
The Thesaurus for Graphic Materials is a tool for indexing visual materials by subject and by genre/format. The thesaurus includes more than 7,000 subject terms and 650 genre/format terms to index types of photographs, prints, design drawings, ephemera, and other pictures.**LC Medium of Performance Thesaurus for Music (LCMPT)
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/performanceMediums.html
LCMPT is a stand-alone vocabulary that provides terminology to describe the instruments, voices, etc., used in the performance of musical works. The authorized terms are intended to be used in field 382 of MARC 21 bibliographic and authority records, and may be assigned in both AACR2 and RDA records.**AFS Ethnographic Thesaurus
http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/ethnographicTerms
The AFS Ethnographic Thesaurus (version 2.3) is a vocabulary that can be used to improve access to information about folklore, ethnomusicology, ethnology, and related fields.Classification schemes
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
Website about DDC http://www.oclc.org/dewey/default.htmLibrary of Congress Classification
Outline: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/lcco.html
Available as Linked Data:http://id.loc.gov/authorities/classification.htmlUniversal Decimal Classification (UDC)
Website about UDC http://www.udcc.org/index.php/site/page?view=about
UDC Summary http://www.udcc.org/udcsummary/php/index.phpThe ACM Computing Classification System [2012 Version], Association for Computing Machinery
https://www.acm.org/about/class/2012
VIAF (The Virtual International Authority File)
http://viaf.org/
The VIAF combines multiple name authority files into a single OCLC-hosted name authority service. Contributed by 34 agencies in 29 countries (as of July 2014).The Union List of Artist Names (ULAN)
http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/ulan
The ULAN is a structured vocabulary containing more than 225,000 names and biographical and bibliographic information about artists and architects, including a wealth of variant names, pseudonyms, and language variants.
Linked Data SPARQL Endpoint: http://vocab.getty.edu/queries#ULAN-Specific_QueriesThe Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN)
http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/tgn
The TGN is a structured, world-coverage vocabulary of 1.3 million names, including vernacular and historical names, coordinates, place types, and descriptive notes, focusing on places important for the study of art and architecture.
Linked Data SPARQL Endpoint:http://vocab.getty.edu/queries#TGN-Specific_QueriesLC Name Authority file = Anglo-American Authority File (AAAF)
http://authorities.loc.gov/
Includes several millions of name authority records for personal, corporate, meeting, and geographic names.
Linked Data version: http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names.html