Chapter 8 section titles

8.1 Interoperability Layers
8.2 Metadata Decisions at Different Stages of a Digital Library Project
8.3 Achieving Interoperability at the Schema Development Stage
8.3.1 Derivation
8.3.2 Application Profiles (APs)
8.3.3 Crosswalks
8.3.4 Frameworks
8.3.5 Metadata Schema Registries
8.4. Achieving Interoperability at the Record Generation Stage
8.4.1 Conversion of Metadata Records
8.4.2 Data Reuse and Integration
8.5 Achieving Interoperability at the Metadata Repository Operation Stage
8.5.1 Metadata Repositories Based on the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) Protocol
8.5.2 Metadata Repositories Supporting Multiple Formats Without Record Conversion
8.5.3 Aggregation and Enriched Metadata Records in a Repository
8.5.4 Element-based and Value-based Crosswalking Services
8.5.5 Value-Based Mapping for Cross-Database Searching
8.5.6 Value-Based Co-occurrence Mapping
8.6 Alignment Approaches used for Linked Data
8.6.1 The Need for Alignment of Metadata Vocabularies
8.6.2 Alignment at Class-level
8.6.3 Alignment at Property-level
8.6.4 Mapping Degrees
8.7 Unifying Heterogeneous Contents in a Distributed Data Creation
Environment
8.8 Conclusion

Links to sources

Figure 8-1-1 Standards and recommendations addressing interoperability issues ......357
- See also Semantic Interoperability -- Notes and bookmarks

Figure 8-3-7 IIIF Image URI syntax explained ..... 367
- Created based on the demo examples provided by the IIIF homepage
- Current version Image API 3.0

Figure 8-6-1 Examples from Faceted Application of Subject Terminology (FAST)..... 384
- Image on left: Search “Gaudí, Antoni, 1852-1926”  through SearchFAST
- Image on right: Open its RDF record (raw data) and View Page Source.

Figure 8-7-1 Sampo Model, a semantic model based on a shared Ontology Infrastructure in the middle ..... 386
- A blog with this image: Linked Data in Use: Sampo Portals on the Semantic Web
- The website: Sampo Model and Series of Semantic Portals

For section 8.1-8.5:

Zeng, Marcia Lei and Lois Mai Chan. 2006. Metadata Interoperability and Standardization-- A Study of Methodology. Part II: Achieving Interoperability at Record and Repository Levels. D-Lib Magazine, Vol.12, No.6. Available: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june06/zeng/06zeng.html

Chan, Lois Mai and Marcia Lei Zeng. 2006. Metadata Interoperability and Standardization -- A Study of Methodology. Part I: Achieving Interoperability at Schema Level. D-Lib Magazine, Vol.12, No.6. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june06/chan/06chan.html

For section 8.6:

Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV)

Linked Open Data (LOD) Cloud diagram

LOD Datasets and ontologies/schemas:

GeoNames (home) | about | the Ontology

MusicBrainz (home) | database | schema

DBpedia Ontology (home) | about | Classes

Music Ontology (home) | specification | its archive at GitHub

DCAT 2 (home) | Vocab overview | Alignment with Schema.org

Schema.org (home) | schemas (Types and properties)

UMBEL | its archive at GitHub

W3C Standards

RDF Schema (RDFS) 1.1

Web Ontology Language (OWL) 2 | Overview | Primer

SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System (home) | SKOS reference | Primer

Exercises

This exercise is designed with the intention of having individuals work collaboratively in groups.

Based on the discussion in this chapter, work in a group (if possible) to develop collaborative models to represent various approaches that ensure interoperability. Present your model(s) in graphic form (see, for example, the methods used for direct crosswalking and cross-switching models in figures 8-3-4 and 8-3-5). Where graphic models exist, try to represent the same mechanism in a different manner that still accurately conveys the principles involved. Attempt to design as many models as there are approaches discussed in the chapter. Be creative and highly abstract; and where group work is feasible, discuss and brainstorm about possible new model designs.

Readings

Baclawski, Kenneth, Mike Bennett, Gary Berg-Cross, Cory Casanave, Donna Fritzsche, Joanne Luciano, Todd Schneider, et al. 2018. “Ontology Summit 2018 Communiqué: Contexts in Context.” Applied Ontology 13 (3): 181– 200. https://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/kenb/pub/2018/30/public.pdf.

Bernstein, Philip. A., Jayant Madhavan, and Erhard Rahm. 2011. "Generic Schema Matching, Ten Years Later." In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB 2011), edited by H. V. Jagadish et al., 695–701. Seattle: VLDB Endowment.

Halpin, Harry, Ivan Herman, and Patrick J. Hayes. 2010. "When owl:sameAs Isn't the Same: An Analysis of Identity Links on the Semantic Web." Paper presented at W3C Workshop— RDF Next Steps, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA. June 26−27, 2010. Available at http://www.w3.org/2009/12/rdf-ws/papers/ws21.

Heery, Rachel. 2004. "Metadata Futures: Steps toward Semantic Interoperability." Metadata in Practice, edited by Diane I. Hillmann and Elaine L. Westbrooks, 257–271. Chicago: American Library Association.

Hyvönen, Eero. 2020. “‘Sampo’ Model and Semantic Portals for Digital Humanities on the Semantic Web.” In Proceedings of the Digital Humanities in the Nordic Countries 5th Conference (DHN 2020), edited by Sanita Reinsone, Inguna Skadina, Anda Baklane, and Janis Daugavietis, 373–78. https://seco.cs.aalto.fi/publications/2020/hyvonen-sampos-dhn-2020.pdf.

St. Pierre, Margaret, and William P. LaPlant, Jr. 1998. "Issues in Crosswalking Content Metadata Standards." White paper, NISO. https://groups.niso.org/publications/white_papers/crosswalk/.
--Related and available: St. Pierre, Margaret; Paul, Sandra K.; Simmonds, Albert; and LaPlante, Bill (1999) "We Used to Call it Publishing-Issues in Crosswalking Content Metadata Standards," Against the Grain: 11(4): Article 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7771/2380-176X.3551